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The "Third Force" was a term used by leaders of the ANC during the late 1980s and early 1990s to refer to a clandestine force believed to be responsible for a surge in violence in KwaZulu-Natal, and townships around and south of the Witwatersrand (or "Rand").〔(The Historical Significance of South Africa's Third Force ), Stephen Ellis ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', Vol. 24, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 261-299〕 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) found that:
==Uses after 1994== Today, the high rate of protest in South Africa is often attributed to a "third force",〔(ANC: "Abahlali and opposition a third force" ), Mhlabunzima Memela, ''The Witness'', 17 October 2013〕〔('Third force' link to unrest ) GRAEME HOSKEN and SIPHO MASOMBUKA, ''The Times'', 7 February 2014〕〔(A revolution’s dreams betrayed ), Malaika wa Azania, ''Sunday Independent'', 30 March 2014〕 often assumed to be linked to foreign intelligence agencies, opposition political parties and white intellectuals.〔(Abahlali's Vocal Politics of Proximity: Speaking, Suffering and Political Subjectivization ), Anna Selmeczi, ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'', October 2012 vol. 47 no. 5 498-515〕〔(On the Third Force ), SACSIS, 2012〕 However, S'bu Zikode of the shackdweller's movement Abahlali baseMjondolo has famously deconstructed the term by claiming the third force is the anger of the poor. Abahlali baseMjondolo has also argued that "it is clear that the third force is just another name for the organised poor".〔(The Third Force is Gathering its Strength ), ''Abahlali baseMjondolo'', 3 March 2010〕 The ANC also often refers to protestors and other critics as "counter-revolutionaries".〔(The ANC's imagined and real enemies: 'Creeping counter-revolution' vs. creeping scandals ), Ranjeni Munusamy, 21 January 2012〕 Cosatu President Sdumo Dlamini has claimed that popular organisations active in local politics are linked to the CIA.〔(Conspiracy theories tell us much about South Africa ), ANTHONY BUTLER, ''Business Day'', 23 AUGUST 2013,〕 The ''Mail & Guardian'' has reported that: "According to grassroots activists the accusations of 'criminality' and 'third forces' are familiar: used to delegitimise and dismiss dissent and grievances - and perpetuate the notion of a society homogenously content with an ANC-led government."〔(Activists decry talk of 'third force' at Marikana ), Niren Tolsi, ''Mail & Guardian'', 24 August 2012〕 The newspaper also quoted activist Ayanda Kota as saying that these allegations "take the agency away from us. It's the same argument used for the mineworkers fighting for a living wage: they are being used by some 'third force'… Poor people…apparently can't organize. It was the same with Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement - the CIA were behind them."〔(Activists decry talk of 'third force' at Marikana ), Niren Tolsi,''Mail & Guardian'', 24 August 2012〕 The xenophobic pogroms in May 2008 were also ascribed to 'the third force'.〔Michael Neocosmos, ''From Native Foreigners to Foreign Natives'', CODESRIA, Dakar, 2010, p. 118〕 In 2015 Malusi Gigaba also described xenophobic violence to a "third force"〔(Outbreak of xenophobic attacks ‘shows lack of leadership’ ), Staff Writers, ''Business Day'', 16 April 2015〕 Protest at mining on communal lands,〔(Mining is a 'done deal' ), Fred Kockott, ''IOL'', 2008〕 independent trade union action〔(Gwede's Swedish diplomatic row ), By LOYISO SIDIMBA AND CANDICE BAILEY, ''Sunday Independent'', 23 June 2013]〕 and the formation of new political parties has also been seen in conspiratorial terms by the ANC.〔(New parties a sign of 'foreign agents', says MK Vets chairman ), COLLEEN GOKO, ''Business Day'', 30 APRIL 2013,〕 Gwede Mantashe, secretary general of the ANC, has ascribed strikes on the mines to the agency of 'white foreigners'.〔(foreigners": The danger of history repeating itself ), Terry Bell, ''GroundUp'', 13 June 2014〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Third Force (South Africa)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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